Globalization and Culture Change Essay

From a sociocultural anthropological perspective, by investigating how globalization affects different parts of the world we can build a better understanding of how global structures affect social and cultural practices. Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of economic and cultural activities through the interchange of worldviews, goods, beliefs, and other aspects of culture (Lalonde slide 22/01/13). To facilitate interdependence, globalization uses new technology, innovation, tourism, international trade, and the media to build and maintain a dominant global culture (Lalonde slide 22/01/13). In recent years, the process of globalization has hastened the destruction of small egalitarian cultures (Larkin and Robbins 2007). Using information conducted from three ethnographies, this paper discusses how globalization has impacted the culture of traditional societies. To narrow the focus, it will examine how globalization and the related process of modernization has contributed to culture change and will discuss each ethnography’s involvement within the World Systems Theory. The progress of society is introduced by the idea that â€Å"human history is the story of a steady advance from life dependent on whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces† (Larkin and Robbins 2007:43). This notion of culture change assumes that technological advancement is the driving force of progress, and that traditional societies should become modernized because it is in their best interest to align with technological, economic, and sociocultural systems of western industrial nations (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). Modernization is characterized by â€Å"industrialization, consolidation of the nation-state, bureaucratization, market economy, technological innovation, literacy, consumerism, vertical mobility, and an open class system† (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). These processes help amplify globalization and support the assumption that â€Å"economic trade is the source of all well being† (Larkin and Robbins 2007:60). Traditional societies are pressured to become modern under the presumption that economic growth and integration will help solve national and global ecological/social problems, and foreign assistance to underdeveloped countries will create a better standard of living by helping them participate in global trade (Larkin and Robbins 2007). The belief that the social, political, and cultural, systems of western society should dictate how traditional societies should develop is a very egocentric view. What supporters of globalization fail to  recognize is that by supporting the modernization of small-scale civilizations â€Å"we may be eliminating societies whose systems of meaning hold solutions to compelling current world problems, such as environmental destruction, inter-group and intra-group conflict, poverty, and sickness† (Robbins and Larkin 2007:72). The World Systems Theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, addresses culture change in relation to power (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). Unequal distribution of wealth and resources along with the capitalist mode of production contribute to the functionality of this theory. The world system divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. The core countries are highly developed and use technology to increase capital development. In contrast, the periphery countries are least developed and are exploited by the core for their cheap labor and material. Semi-periphery countries lie between the core and periphery and are both exploited and engage in exploitation. The World Systems Theory relies on the commodification of goods, labor, nature, and human relations in the market for exchange value (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). Current neo-liberal economic policies that promote individualism, competition, and consumerism within a free-market have highly contributed to the acceptance of inequality and disparity globally enhancing the effects of the World Systems. The application of this theory will be discussed further later in the paper. In an ethnography of the Beng people, who reside in the village of Asagbe, in Cà ´te d’Ivoire, West Africa, American anthropologists Alma Gottlieb and Philip Graham recount their cultural engagement and reflect that their â€Å"presence [in the village] might actually be triggering a young man’s return to mental illness† (2011:38). Alma and Philip use an ethnographic approach to study the Beng culture, which includes participant observation, interviews, and the use of a key cultural consultant, Amenan. The ethnography written by Alma and Philip illustrates how modernization has had a negative impact on the Beng culture causing some men to refuse their cultural identity. Matatu, identifies himself in French as the â€Å"prime minister of Cà ´te d’Ivoire†, and refuses to speak the Beng language (Gottlieb and Graham 2011:38). Although unintentionally, the anthropologists contribute to the perception that the Beng lifestyle is less desirable than a modern lifestyle by arriving in Asagbe with cameras, typewriters, audio recorders and a vehicle. The goods show their â€Å"family’s privilege† and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"pushed in [Matatu’s] face how poor he is and will always be† (Gottlieb and Graham 2011:38). Contrasting the modernization of America with the underdevelopment of Asagbe, introduction of technology lead to a rejection of cultural identity, negatively altering the Beng perception of daily life. World systems theory can be applied to describe the culture change of the Beng men in relation to power. The anthropologist’s describe that the change of behavior Matatu and other Beng men displayed was a way to create â€Å"imagined power rather than face the near certainty of life long poverty†(Gottlieb and Graham 2011:51). When Matatu hypothetically â€Å"condemns people to death† he is symbolically representing and compensating for the domination of the core countries over the periphery in the World Systems (Gottlieb and Graham 2011:48). Matatu recognizes that exploitation of his country will continue to enable the core countries to remain in dominant power. The Beng society’s placement in the World System makes it is clear that systematic inequality and injustice due to unequal distribution of wealth and resources have negatively affected their daily lives by enabling them from achieving all basic human rights and needs. The ethnography conducted by anthropologist Liza Dalby, takes place on a rural island community in Japans Inland Sea. The ethnographic method’s used include: participant observation, interviews using a tape recorder, and questionnaires. Through Liza’s ethnography, globalization and the related process of modernization negatively affect the Japanese island community by causing the erosion of historical family member roles forever changing traditional family dynamics. Liza explains â€Å"eldest sons in small Japanese rural communities like this one are historically the inheritors of the family fields.†(2011:182). Because modernization implies urbanization, to younger Japanese citizens â€Å"the option of going to vocational school, or even college, and getting a white-collar job in a city was looking more attractive than staying on the farm† (Dalby 2011:182). The view that modernity is preferable to traditional culture is emphasized in the quote, â€Å"the modern young island girls who where bored to tears by it all couldn’t wait to hop on a boat to the nearby cities on Shikoku† (Dalby 2011:183). Modernization of Japan’s urban centers, including access to new technology such a s boats, dominant education systems, and white-collar jobs negatively affected the rural island community by causing the loss of group identity,  cultural heritage and diversity, and provides a system for further colonization and promotion a western model of the self. The world systems theory can be applied to explain the power relations between Japan and America. As a member of the core category in the world System, Japan is perceived as having advanced technology and complex products (Lalonde lecture 22/01/13). What is not always considered is that underdeveloped societies can exist within developed societies, and when governments assume that all markets in the country value the dominant economic view it monopolizes the production and sale of goods so smaller markets cannot function. On the Japanese Island, farmers were angry that the government was forcing them to import fruit in the open local markets (Dalby 2011). For Mr. H, a Japanese island resident and farmer, â€Å"California oranges were his adversary† (Dalby 2011:184). Mr. T’s opinion resembles the disadvantage of being associated with the core membership. Because globalization values economic trade as the source of well being, smaller markets like the one on Japan’ s rural island are often sacrificed to make room for more lucrative economic agreements. In the ethnography written by anthropologist Chris Boehm, he describes his encounter with the upper Moracha Tribe, in Montenegro, a country in Southeastern Europe. The ethnographic methods he uses to study the isolated tribe consist of participant observation and interviews. The ethnography about the upper Moracha Tribe discusses how globalization and Modernization are shown to negatively impact the village by creating unequal social relations between the tribe and their government. Once an unrestricted society, the ethnography reports that a small government police station was previously stationed in Moracha (Boehm 2011:101). In Montenegrin their â€Å"militantly socialist† government uses force to gain control (Boehm 2011:100). In opposition of government dominance, the Moracha Tribe became â€Å"tantamount to pirates† and engaged in violence, many local people saw â€Å"victims found at the bottom of cliffs†(Boehm 2011:100). Modernization via the introduction of a militant government sparked violence among Montenegrins and changed the way they interacted with their environment. In the capitalist World System Theory, Montenegrins are members of the periphery group causing them to be inherently exploited and oppressed. Historically, the introduction of capitalism can be linked to colonialism. Through imperialism, European colonization meant that foreign  power had cultural, social, and political control over the nations they conquered (Lalonde lecture 22/01/13). The colonizers used their power to exploit the land, resources, and labor, of their colonies to build economic wealth. To maintain this unequal distribution the capitalist mode of production and the world systems theory maintains the oppressive effects of colonialism. Therefore, the violence the Montenegrins display in regards to the actions of their government is also an indirect way of opposing the entire world system of inequality. Because no society can be isolated from the world system, globalization has made the actions of the Montenegrins not only a local individual message, but also a global political one. In conclusion, globalization discussed within the Beng community, the rural Japanese village, and Moracha tribe has caused irreversible damage to their traditional societies. Modernization has contributed to the rejection of cultural identity, heritage, and diversity, contributed to the erosion of traditional family dynamics and customs, and introduced modern political systems to egalitarian societies causing civil conflict changing the way citizens interact with their environment. Looking at cultural change in relation to distribution of power, the world systems theory made it clear that globalization enhances systematic disparity and the unequal distribution of wealth and resources, eliminates small market economies, and drives â€Å"small-scale societies to the edge of extinction [by] forcing them to enter civilization through the dark side of poverty, disease, and forced labor †(Robbins and Larkin 2007:72). Extinction of culture is black and white. To minimize the effects of globalization society must begin to value connection, cooperation, and equality, and continually reflect on how our individual actions affect others. References: Bohem, Chris 2011 Insult and Danger. In Being There: Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 93-111. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Dalby, Liza 2011 Japanese Ghosts Don’t Have Feet. In Being There: Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 35-52. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Gottlieb, Alma and Philip Graham 2011 Mad to Be Modern. In Being There: Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 35-52. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Larkin, Sherrie, and Richard Robbins 2007 Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-Based Approach. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.

Laughters

Laughters A wise man say, â€Å"A laugh is a smile that bursts. † A very good morning Madam Chairperson, honourable judges, distinguished time keeper, and members of the floor. Ladies and gentlemen, it is indeed and honour to be given the chance to stand here in front of you, the audience. My task today is to share with you about, â€Å"Laughters. † Parents of newborn babies learn quickly there are many different ways for a baby to cry. One type of cry means the baby is hungry, another says the child needs to be changed and yet another may mean it simply wants some attention.Though these cries may seem indistinguishable to an outsider, parents learn to respond with exactly what their child needs. Parents don't tend to put as much thought into what their child's laugh might mean, unless it sounds really weird and indicates an attack to the people surrounding. In fact, very few people think about differences in laughter at all. We often ask ourselves, why do we laugh? The answer may seem obvious: We laugh when we perceive something funny. But the obvious answer is not correct, at least most of the time.According to the expert Robert Provine; A PhD neurobiologist and Professor of Psychology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, most laughter is not in response to jokes or humor. Laughter isn't under our conscious control. Infants laugh almost from birth. In fact, people who are born blind and deaf still laugh. So we know it's not a learned behavior. Researcher also says that laughter may be just a simpler way to communicate and show agreement over certain matters.Laughter is a mechanism everyone has. It is part of the universal human vocabulary. All members of the human species understand it. Unlike English or Bahasa Malaysia or French, we don’t have to learn to speak it. We’re born with the capacity to laugh. Laughter is a message that we send to other people. We know this because we rarely laugh when we are alone, do we? La ughter is also specifically a social structure, something that connects humans with one another in a profound way.According to Provine’s findings, people are 30 percent more likely to laugh in a social setting that warrants it than when alone with humour-inducing media. That means that you're more likely to laugh with friends while watching a comedy together than when you're watching the same show or movie by yourself. Though there are many ways to laugh, from giggles to guffaws and from chuckles to cackles, it turns out that we humans laugh for many reasons, some of them are odd. So what are some of the different types and reasons for all the laughter?In first place, The Fake Laughter. This type of laughter comes in handy as a way to get along with others, that’s why sometimes we laugh at things that just aren’t funny, whether we’re with our boss, with our teachers or with our friends. Second, The Contagious Laughter. Imagine you're out for dinner with a group of friends. Someone tells a joke and gets one person laughing, which gets a second person laughing, and it continues to one another. Hence, a circle of laughter is created. Is catching laughter like catching a cold?It's very likely. Besides that, The Nervous Laughter. During times of anxiety, we often laugh in a subconscious attempt to reduce stress and calm down. Laughter lowers the levels of at least four hormones that are associated with stress, so after a good giggle you should be far less tense and anxious. However, nervous laughter usually just heightens the awkwardness of the situation. Let’s move on to The Belly Laughter. Belly laughter is considered as the most honest type of laughter.It may also be the hardest type to experience, because we have to find something truly hilarious before we'll let go with the kind of laughter that has us clutching our bellies and gasping for air. Next, The Silent Laughter. This happens when you laugh so hard no sound actually c omes out and sometimes, tears are coming out of your unsuspecting eyes . It’s like the laugh gets confused and forgets to come from the back of your throat. This laughter stays lodged inside of your brain and you hear it loudly in your head. Lastly, The Unappropriate Laughter.Fortunate because laughter is fun (and  good for your health  , remember? ). Misfortunate because this type of laughter could potentially offend someone else or ruin a particular mood. You've probably heard some motherly person say, â€Å"It isn't polite to laugh at others' expense. † Classic examples of this are to laugh while attending a person’s funeral, or maybe when someone farted, which is pretty funny, that you’re the only one who heard it or smelled it. If someone else hears your laughter they could be infected by it, because we all know that laughter is contagious.I’ve mentioned few ways of laughter; The Fake Laughter, The Contagious Laughter, The Nervous Laughter , The Belly Laughter, The Silent Laughter and lastly The Unappropriate Laughter. Ladies and gentlemen, which laughter do you prefer? This list of different types of laughter is not the end-all be-all, but it is pretty close. Even so, laughter takes on many different forms. As has been said, we`ve all heard the phrase â€Å"laughter  is the best medicine. † But what matters are when laughter is shared, it binds people together and increases happiness and intimacy. Thank you.

Behavioral Economic Research Concerning Ethical...

Method Embarking upon this study, I sought a premise of behavioral economic research concerning ethical consumerism and connections to psychology. Through basic search engines and the citations of other articles, a comprehensive set of studies and articles was compiled to identify and frame the research question. As a study focusing primarily on a marketing and psychological relationship, a primarily correlational research design was employed with a local survey to evaluate any behavioral connections and contribute to the present discussion; the use of a mixed research method allowed the study to gauge the participants’ perspectives more accurately and openly while maintaining a statistical basis. Following a similar format to the survey†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, socio-economic status, has yielded limited positive correlation with fair trade consumerism, so the survey captured the views of participants in most fields of work, with no field representing a majority, lending a reasonable control for socio-economic status. A total of 92 respondents participated in the survey, 63% female and 37% male. As the population of interest was American consumers, I could not create an entirely representative sample of the population, but the aforementioned diversity provides a reasonable idea of this sample. The two fundamental questions in the survey were (Question one), â€Å"How familiar are you with the concept of fair trade?† to gauge fair trade awareness, and (Question two), â€Å"How frequently do you purchase or attempt to purchase fair trade products?† to gauge fair trade consumption. These questions, with four and five answer choices, respectively, provided incremental responses. The answer choices for the former question ranged from, â€Å"I have never heard of fair trade† to â€Å"Very familiar; I often hear about or encounter fair trade products or related information,† while the answer choices to the latter question ranged from â€Å"I have never purposefully bought a fair trade product,† to â€Å"Anytime I shop; I purposefully seek out fair trade products in everything I buy.† The information from this survey parallels similar studies in the field to contribute a deeper understanding of personality in

Converting Raw Medical Data Into Informative Data Through...

Data Mining, a sub-branch of computer science, involving statistics, methods and calculations to find patterns in large amount of data sets, and database systems. Generally, data mining is the process to examine data from different aspects and summarizing it into meaningful information. Data mining techniques depict actions and future trends, allowing any individual to make better and knowledge-driven decisions.[1][2] In the past few years, research appeared from medical laboratories has converted how we practice health care activities. Leading machines/technologies from the MRI scanner to the small blood glucose monitor are helping us live healthier and better lives. Health information technology produces cost-effective solutions to†¦show more content†¦Methodology: The proposed approach uses ‘Process Mining’ technique, which aims at extracting useful information from health care data or event logs. This Technique will also help organizations to improve their services, manage the data properly and control their processes [4]. The Importance of process mining has proved itself in the field of health care domain in following literature [5-6]. The proposed approach will adopt itemset-tree (An itemset is set of re-occurring items) method to get frequent surgical specimen [7]. I our knowledge the itemset - tree has not been proposed before for such kind of data analysis. Our methodology contains four parts: 1: Data collection: A real medical data (i.e Surgical specimen records) will be collected from any private or public organization. 2: Preprocessing: The acquired data will be preprocessed to remove unwanted information from it, such as, addresses of patients etc.. Then the data will be used for an input for process mining. 3: Discovery of surgical specimen: Process mining will be applied to the database created in the preprocessing step, which extracted itemset of the frequent surgical specimen. 4: Evaluation: In last theShow MoreRelatedOrganisation Structural Study on Apollo Tyres5324 Words   |  22 PagesINTRODUCTION Organisation has gained momentum over the past few decades as the inevitable source to sustain business activities. An organization is a power house of resources through which manufacturing and production activities are effectively carried out.The established Indian owned enterprises has been steadily increasing their capacity and widening their range of products for every organization. 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Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral - 852 Words

In Raymond Carver’s short story â€Å"Cathedral,† a blind man named Robert visits a man and his wife in their home for a short period. In the beginning, the husband is very rude to Robert due to his inability to see. However, by the end of Robert’s stay, the husband realizes that he is quite far from being a blind fool. By analyzing the theme, character, and conflict of the short story, the reader will be able to better understand what messages lay within Carver’s writing. First, by analyzing the theme, or central topic of the text, the reader will comprehend what the story is truly about. The most continuous theme in â€Å"Cathedral† is the difference between looking and actually seeing. For example, staring at an object without intellectually comprehending its significance is â€Å"looking,† whereas the opposite of that would be â€Å"seeing.† In the story, before meeting Robert the husband says, â€Å"I don’t have any blind Friends† (Carver 34). By saying this, the husband is showing how he looks at things without seeing their inner significance, only their physical appearance. However, though, by the end of the story Robert shows the husband how to see the inner beauty of things by convincing him to draw a picture of a cathedral with his eyes closed. Once the husband sees how terrible the drawing looks, he realizes that it only matters how he sees the cathedral in his own mind, not exactly how it looks on paper. The reader can now see how easily one can overlook the inner beauty of somethingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. 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A Fall Before Rising free essay sample

Review of the Literature Brief Summary the Story Ramchandran (Jai) Jaikumar had a passion for climbing mountains; he would head to his native India on a regular basis to pursue the love of climbing mountains. He would also spend four months per year as a climber and the reminder months as an engineer. Jaikumar was consider as an expert for climbing mountain because he was trained by expert mountaineers, so he knew what to do if he were happened to be in an bad situation. The crisis began on a summer day in 1966, Jaikumar, an engineering student of the Indian Institute of Technology along with his climbing buddy went mountain climbing in order to reach the summit of the Himalayan mountain. Their â€Å"turnaround time† was suppose to end at 1p. m, they admire the view and were proud of their effort, they delayed the time knowing that the light was soon to fade. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fall Before Rising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They eventually began to head back to high camp around 4 p. m. As Jaikumar and his friend began climbing back down, they were to be in a dangerous journey back because it was getting darker. They had to soon begin to feel their way downward by tapping their ice picks to the surface before them because the wind had created a cornice, a slab of ice and snow. The cornice began to stretched out into the air on the rocks, Jaikumar and his friend wasn’t able to see the rocks beneath a cornice so that means they wasn’t able to estimate how far it extend or how much weight it can hold. Since both realize that were in danger, they decide to untie their ropes that connected them, so therefore one wouldn’t pull the other to his death. Eventually Jaikumar was in the lead after they split, as they both were climbing down, they heard an explosive sound. Both Jaikumar and his buddy had the instinct to jump to different sides of the mountain; it was a cornice that fell beneath them. As Jaikumar was tumbling down mountain, he got rid of all unnecessary gear, such as his ice axe so he wouldn’t pierce his body. He was sliding down more than one and one-half miles down mountain slopes. By the time, he reach the bottom, he was left with nothing except a few bars from a small pack. Jaikumar was semi-conscious, he eventually tried to lift his self up and walk, but only to severe pain and he also concluded that his friend was nowhere to be found. He knew that his chance of survival was slim to none, but he was going to fight for his life. His main goal was to walk down the rest mountain before it came to the point where he wasn’t able to walk anymore. He didn’t know where he was and he knew he had to stay on his feet because if he had sat down, he might not be able to get back up. Jaikumar hiked took 24 hours in which his judged later that it should have only been a six or seven hour walk. Suddenly, he heard a dog barking, Jaikumar was ecstatic because he knew a barking dog signify human life somewhere around. He came upon a small village in the Himalayas and noticed a small hut, as he approached, he collapsed. Upon his faint, there was an Shepherd woman attending to his wounds, although she wasn’t able to help him like she wanted to because he was in bad shape, she carried him down the mountain to the next village. The woman was by his side until everything was in place. Jaukumar was grateful of her generosity that she wanted to offer payment for her kindness, but she refused. Overall Jaikumar made it to the hospital where the doctor diagnosed him with broken hip and fallen arches on both feet, but his injuries wasn’t permanent. But as of Jaikumar knowledge, his friend never been found and mostly likely is dead. Defining the problems along with recommendations After reading this piece of literature, the main issue was Jai and his partner made arrangement to climb up the mountain in which was a exceptional achievement, but the problem came into place when it was time for them to do their turnaround point, they pushed the time back a couple of hours. They both knew the possible consequences if they waited later to head back to high camp. They also knew they were experience climbers, so it shouldn’t be a bad situation. According to the text, Business Ethics: Decision-Making for Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility, they should of thought of an ethical decision making routine before they decide to press time to climb down the mountain at a later hour. Jaikumar and his buddy could have talked about the consequences and the effort this could have instead of just making a decision hands downs just because they felt they were healthy and experience. They should have already known to start heading back down especially if they had visualization of the light was fading and as the light the night fall the colder the weather was going to drop. Jaikumar and his friend could also talked to an expert climber, maybe the person who trained them but maybe they still wouldn’t of listen because they both knew the procedures if something when wrong. What is Moral and Immoral about the case? The moral issue about this case is that they were doing what they loved and invested many years of training and might be considered an expert at, mountain climbing. Another issue that was moral about this piece of literature is the woman at the end of the story whom helped him regardless of know what type of person Jaikumar could be and where he was from, she also couldn’t communicate with him due to language barriers but she still wanted to help. She didn’t have to help Jaikumar if she didn’t want to because she could have been frightened of a stranger or maybe she simply just didn’t want to. The Shepherd woman helped because maybe she knew it was the right thing to do or maybe she would want someone to help her if she were in need of assistant. The immoral issue in this case is basically how Jaikumar and his buddy didn’y plan the right procedures communication wise prior to this journey. If they were to a steady agenda and maybe stuck with it, things could have happened a little differently. Who and what are the stakeholder’s assumptions? The stakeholders who were affected by the accident were Jaikumar and his buddy. They wanted to enjoy the 24,000 feet above sea level so much longer; they assumed a couple hours longer would be good because they were experts. They both also felt they were so healthy and had plenty of climbing knowledge under their belt about mountain climbing, they assumed going back down would be a piece a cake. As they began heading back down the mountain, the light was fading and it was getting cold enough that a cornice was forming, they assume if they something bad shall happen that they should untied the ropes that bound them so both of them wouldn’t go down together. They assumptions cause these problems as stated expected the departing of ropes, but if they made better planning, this incident could of somewhat been prevented by good decision-making skills. The lady Shepherd is also a stakeholder but if she had never help Jaikumar, her assumption could of conclude that he will die, she would be responsible for Jaikumar death, or maybe it was her goodwill to do the right thing. Could this been avoided? This situation happened due to moral imagination, they had good intentions and all Jaikumar and his buddy wanted to do is experience what they enjoyed best, but unfortunately the mission went the wrong path. This situation could have been avoided with right decisions. The agreeable decision from taking their path was to enjoy life and live it to its fullest. If this situation had never happened, they may had never gotten a chance to climb the Himalayan mountain and Jaikumar would had never gotten a chance to see the real role of survivor if you are put our in that zone. Jaikumar also wouldn’t have learned that there are still people out there that really care. He may have also learned to follow directions. Jaikumar and his buddy action were disagreeable because they should have known to follow the rules and not to break the rules in order to do what they have passion for. The schedule should have been kept and stayed the same as planned. Conclusion In conclusion, I discussed the summary of the literature along with stating the problem, defining the problems along with recommendations, stated the morality and immorality about this piece of literature, explained the stakeholder assumptions, and stated my opinion about if this situation could of be avoid or not along with my agreement and disagreement. Overall this was an exceptional story because it though me the rule about not letting temptation get the best of me and importance of helping people the best way you can if they are in need. A Fall Before Rising free essay sample Before Rising by Jai Jaikumar is about a mountain climbing trip with Jai and his friend. They were suppose to turnaround and head back to high camp due to safety considerations but decided to continue climbing since they were not tired and they were also experienced. After reaching the mountain summit they began their descent the cornice fell through, resulting in Jai and his companion to be separated on the other side of the slope. Jai fell on the snow in the Himalayas at close to 24,000 feet, and of the consequent 60-mile-per-hour ride down part of the side of the mountain losing nearly 3000 feet in altitude, and then a 24-hour trek through snow and ice apparently on a broken hip until he fell into the arms of a peasant woman who fed him and then carried him on her back feet by feet for three (3) days to a doctor in a neighboring village. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fall Before Rising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The problem here was that Jai and his companion had originally set 1 p. m. as their â€Å"turnaround time,† the point at which considerations of safety dictate that climbers should abandon their ascent and head back to high camp. However, the prospect of waiting a few more days to again challenge the summit held little appeal for Jai and his companion. The problem resulted from the fact that they should have followed the procedures and considerations set for the safety of climbers. If they had followed their initial decision to turn around at 1 p. m. , they would have abided by the safety measures that were dictated. Usually, when measures put in place it is to ensure the most efficient of results which in this case was to create a turnaround point that the climbers could see to ascend the mountain instead of feeling their way down as Jai and his companion did. I would recommend two things to be done: firstly, they should have followed the initial precautions so that they would be able to better judge the cornice and hence would be obliged to find another route. Secondly, acknowledging the predictability and dangers of the cornice they knew that there were no prospective determinants of how far it extended from the rock or how much weight it could hold so when they acknowledged the dangers as they did – their initial thought should have been safety and then they both could clearly define an alternate route. The moral aspect of this story is that of the shepherd woman who selflessly took up the fate of another individual as her personal responsibility. She realized that she had to help this stranger because she had the ability to do so. The woman refused to leave a stranger (Jai) until his journey was secured and then she refused Jai’s offer of payment for her kindness and generosity. This deed was done based on her obvious personal ethical values which proved to be moral. The stakeholders are anyone who was affected by the decisions that were made, in this case Jai and his companion were the extreme stake holders and consequently it trickled down to a shepherd woman and eventually several others. Jai was affected most since all the decisions made affected him directly throughout the story. The shepherd woman, the village officials, and the physician were also affected and therefore can be considered stakeholders. The assumptions of Jai and his companion were that since they were both healthy and experienced at climbing despite their youth, when the 1 p. . turn around time came, the decision to press on had been easy to make, which was to continue on since the prospects of doing it another day held little appeal to both men. Their assumptions did affect the problem above, since they should have turned around due to the considerations of safety that dictated that climbers should abandon their ascent and head back to high camp, regardless of their assump tion that they were both healthy and experienced at climbing. If they had done so then there would have been a high probability that they would have been able to redefine their decision and assess the danger that was directly at hand. This situation occurred due to the fact that it was not safe at the point of their descending since it was failing light which made their march dangerous as they had to feel and tap their way through the ice with their ice picks to test the surface before them. The situation could have been avoided if they had followed their initial decision to turn around at 1 p. m. they should have done this because of the safety measures that were dictated. Jai and his companion may have made the decision to walk the cornice since it was already late getting back to the camp site. Their initial assessment was that they were healthy, experienced climbers who could accomplish the goal desired – they had to use their judgment and intuition at what was best for them at the moment. However, on the other hand, they broke a rul e/law that was put in place for their safety. They should have been responsible enough to follow the correct procedures in order to accomplish a desired goal. They should have turned around to the camp when it turned 1 p. m. and continued another day – here this decision resulted in an additional loss of four (4) days in excruciating pain and the loss of a close friend. Within these four days they would have accomplished their goals within reason that they did not break any rules. The moral of this story is to show that good fortune, success, and obligation were necessarily and inescapably connected and also to assess what the relationship between good fortune, and a moral obligation to other people could be. The resulting factor could shape an individuals outlook on the relationship between privilege and responsibility and may bring the individual to a new passion altogether. Its purpose was to allow an individual to recognize how fragile their life was and how their personal circumstances could drastically change in an instant. After all this, Jai learnt that people do have compassion and also that you should not climb past your â€Å"turn around time† which can be interpreted to be that it is best not to give in to the temptation of breaking the rules in order to reach the mountain summit which was their goal.

The Edible Woman Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, New Canadian Library

The Edible Woman Achieving Personal Identity in Atwood's The Edible Woman In the novel, The Edible Woman by Margaret Atwood, the principal character Marian McAlpine establishes a well-integrated and balanced personality by rejecting the domination of social conventions, and conquering her own passivity. Through this process to self-awareness, Atwood uses imagery and symbolism to effectively parallel Marian's journey and caricatures to portray the roles of the ?consuming' society. As Marian stands at a pivotal point in her life, she examines and rejects the roles presented to her by society in order to achieve self-knowledge. She is 26 years old with her education behind her. She has her first job as well as, her boyfriend Peter Wollander, who is the last bachelor of his friends. Thus, Marian begins to contemplate her future and the type of woman she will become. Working at Seymour Surveys for four months, she is eligible and obliged to contribute a Pension Plan. Marian is forced to inspect her future at the company. Atwood uses the image of an ice cream sandwich to represent the structure of the company and it's exploitation of women. Only men get the ?upper crust' positions on the top floor of the office building; machines and their operators form a kind of modern slave labour on the bottom floor. ?The gooey layer in the middle?(p.12) is almost entirely made up of women who are housewives working for low pay in their spare time. Marian can only hope to becom e the head or assistant of her department like Mrs. Bogue, leading to a future as a retired spinster. This role is the first she rejects. Another option is presented in the three ?office virgins?, a trio of dyed blondes who represent society's stereotype of a young woman. They intend to stay virgins till marriage and travel before settling down. They dress femininely and wear artful make-up which Atwood compares to a baited lure for ?ravenous as pike' businessmen. Marian is uncomfortable with the look of these women and the stereotype they represent. Marian also explores the image of herself as a wife and mother, through her pregnant friend Clara. Atwood compares Clara to ? a boa-constrictor who swallowed a water-melon?(p.25). Clara's body represents the way in which a woman's body can get out of control, if she allows nature to take its course. Clara, as Marian sees, is littering the world with children for no specific purpose. Consequently, Clara becomes a vegetable unable to think for herself or to concentrate. Marian rejects Clara's version of a woman's role because she thinks it is irresponsible and precarious. A fourth alternative is her roommate, Ainsley, who represents the predatory female. Atwood characterises her as a combination of military general and inert vegetable growth. Ainsley plots to impregnate her self through Len Shank and raise the child alone, then later tries to force him into marriage. To Marian, Ainsley is far to dominating and immoral. In rejection of these roles, Marian is left in an empty state and succumbs to irrational behaviour due to her lack of self-knowledge. Marian's engagement to Peter intensifies her anxieties about the future. Prior to his proposal, Marian hears a hunting story of Peter's; he describes killing and gutting a rabbit. Irrationally, Marian feels a panic as in tense as a hunted animal as she identifies with the rabbit. She runs from Peter, an action she does not understand. Atwood illustrates that she is afraid of becoming a victim of Peter's, like the rabbit. Later that evening, she hides under the sofa bed in Len's apartment. Atwood presents this irrational gesture of escape with overtones of a rabbit burrowing or the desire to return to an uncomplicated life of the womb. Marian's instinctive mechanisms of escape are conquered by Peter's urge as a predator. Marian allows herself to be conquered, thus following society's expectations of a woman. Accordingly, she accepts Peter proposal and s ays, ?I'd rather leave all the big decisions up to you?(p.87) to the wedding plans. Marian's engagement identifies her main impediment to an integrated personality: her excessive passivity. At work, she does things that are not part of her job. At home, she lets Ainsley and the landlady intimidate her. She even cleans the tub